{
  "pisa2025": {
    "assessment": "OECD PISA 2025",
    "year": 2025,
    "cohort": "15-year-old students represented by the assessment",
    "source_url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2025-results-volume-i_73451bc5-en/full-report/executive-summary_3701b0ef.html",
    "source_table": "I.1",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-15",
    "units": "Subject-specific mean score points, not percentages",
    "systems": 91,
    "benchmark": "OECD average (not a world average)",
    "uncertainty": "Standard errors and confidence intervals are not included in this transcription. Differences shown are arithmetic differences, not significance tests.",
    "missing": "null means no value in this extract, never zero.",
    "scope": "Regional and jurisdiction names retained. Map graphic omits some small or regional systems; table and CSV preserve them."
  },
  "global_context": [
    {
      "indicator": "Out of school",
      "value": 273000000,
      "units": "people",
      "cohort": "Primary through upper-secondary school-age children and youth",
      "year": 2024,
      "source": "https://www.unesco.org/reports/gem-report/en/2026-monitoring-sdg4"
    },
    {
      "indicator": "Adult literacy",
      "value": 88,
      "units": "percent",
      "cohort": "Adults aged 15+",
      "year": 2024,
      "source": "https://www.unesco.org/en/literacy/need-know"
    },
    {
      "indicator": "End-primary minimum reading proficiency",
      "value": 58,
      "units": "percent",
      "year": null,
      "observation_note": "Historical aggregate, not updated since COVID-19; not measured in 2026",
      "source": "https://www.unesco.org/reports/gem-report/en/2026-monitoring-sdg4"
    },
    {
      "indicator": "End-primary minimum mathematics proficiency",
      "value": 44,
      "units": "percent",
      "year": null,
      "observation_note": "Historical aggregate, not updated since COVID-19; not measured in 2026",
      "source": "https://www.unesco.org/reports/gem-report/en/2026-monitoring-sdg4"
    }
  ],
  "ai_studies": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40560616/",
    "https://serl.fas.harvard.edu/publication/ai-tutoring-outperforms-class-active-learning-rct-introducing-novel-research-based"
  ],
  "practice": "Original informal EESP learning activities, not PISA items, IQ tests or validated learning outcomes."
}